Miscegenation is a term invented in 1863 to describe people of different human races RACE can refer to: - Research and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies in Europe, a program launched in 1988 by the Commission of the European Communities
- Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, a molecular biology technique
- Railways of Australia Container Express is a slightly wider version of the standard ISO shipping container
- This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. For the many types of competitive sport, see Racing.
..... Click the link for more information. (usually one European - For the politico-economic entity, see European Union. For the band of the same name, see Europe (band). For the mythical figure see Europa (mythology).
Europe is a historical and cultural continent, and a geographical subcontinent, forming the westermost part of the Eurasian supercontinent. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, and to the east by the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea (for more detailed description see Geography of Europe).
..... Click the link for more information. and one African Africa is the world's second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. At c. 30,244,050 km2 (11,677,240 mi2) including its adjacent islands, it covers 20.3% of the total land area on Earth, and with over 800 million human inhabitants, it accounts for about one seventh of Earth's human population. The ancient Romans used the name Africa terra
..... Click the link for more information. ) producing offspring; the use of this term is invariably restricted to those who believe that the category race RACE can refer to: - Research and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies in Europe, a program launched in 1988 by the Commission of the European Communities
- Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, a molecular biology technique
- Railways of Australia Container Express is a slightly wider version of the standard ISO shipping container
- This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. For the many types of competitive sport, see Racing.
..... Click the link for more information. is meaningful when applied to human beings. In modern usage, the term is only common among those who believe that such "race mixing" is inherently bad.
An example of how anti-miscegenation laws were enacted can be seen during the 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s - 1930s - 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Years: 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
Events and trends Technology - Jet engine invented
- Link Trainer invented
Science - Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann
- Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh
- British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term "ecosystem"
..... Click the link for more information. , when the racist and Anti-Semitic Anti-Semitism, alternatively antisemitism, is hostility towards Jews. It ranges from ad hoc antagonism towards Jews on an individual level to the institutionalized prejudice and persecution once prevalent in European societies, of which the highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's National Socialism was perhaps the most extreme form. This article describes the development and history of anti-Semitism from its earliest inception up until World War II. A separate article exists on modern anti-Semitism, which deals with anti-Semitism after World War II up to the present.
..... Click the link for more information. Nuremberg Laws enacted by the Nazis - "National Socialism" redirects here. For alternate meanings, see National Socialism (disambiguation).
Nazism (abbreviated from the German: Nationalsozialismus, "National Socialism") or also called Hitlerism is a type of fascist/totalitarian ideology. The term is most often used in connection with the dictatorship of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 (the "Third Reich"). This ideology was held by the National Socialist German Workers Party (
..... Click the link for more information. in Germany The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the world's leading industrialized countries, located in central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea, to the east by Poland, and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland, and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Germany is a founding member of the European Union, and its most populous member state.
..... Click the link for more information. against the large German Jewish The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. This article discusses the term as describing an ethnic group; for a consideration of the religion, please refer to Judaism.
..... Click the link for more information. community, forbidding marriages between the Jews (deemed as Untermenschen Untermensch (German: subhuman) is a term from Nazi racial ideology. Derived from 19th century racial theory, Nazi ideology held that the Germanic peoples were the master race, and that all other peoples represented lesser races of varying degrees. Groups regarded as untermenschen included Jews, Slavic peoples, and Africans. The opposite of untermensch is Übermensch.
..... Click the link for more information. - "lower people") and German Aryans - This article is about the term "Aryan". For "Arian", a follower of the ancient Christian sect, See Arianism.
Aryan is an English word derived from the Vedic Sanskrit and Avestan term arya, meaning noble. One of the meanings of this term in modern English refers to a hypothetical single group of people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages (the people known as Proto-Indo-Europeans). It has at times been believed that these people formed an ethnic group;
..... Click the link for more information. (deemed the Übermenschen In Thus spake Zarathustra (in German, Also sprach Zarathustra), the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche explains the three steps through which man can become an Übermensch (literally, 'overman'): - By his will to destruction
- By re-evaluating or destroying old ideals
- By overcoming nihilism
The will to destruction Nietzsche's motivation
..... Click the link for more information. - "higher people"). Many interfaith and intermarried couples committed suicide when these laws came into effect.
The word "Miscegenation" was coined in an anonymous pamphlet printed in New York City - "New York, New York" redirects here. For alternate meanings, see New York, New York (disambiguation).
The City of New York—usually called New York City and sometimes New York, New York to distinguish it from its location in the U.S. state of New York—is the most populous city in the United States and the second most populous in North America (after Mexico City). New York City is located on several peninsulas and islands on the Eastern Seaboard along the Atlantic Ocean. Five boroughs—Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—comprise the city, which is known affectionately as the "Big Apple" and recognized as one of several "world cities."
..... Click the link for more information. in late 1863 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January - January 1 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War.
- January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska
- January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento, CA on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.
..... Click the link for more information. , entitled Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro. As the pamphlet noted, the term was coined from two words of the Latin language Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. It is said that 80% of scholarly English words are somehow derived from Latin. Moreover, in
..... Click the link for more information. , miscere (to mix) and genus (race). The pamphlet argued in favor of "interbreeding" of "White" and African Americans African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose dominant ancestry is from Sub-Saharan and West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. Terms for African Americans used at various points in history include Negroes, colored, blacks and Afro-Americans. Negro and colored are now rarely used except in the South. African American, black and, to a lesser extent, Afro-American, are used interchangeably today but often incorrectly. The term African-American refers only to United States citizens, but is often applied to black residents who are not citizens.
..... Click the link for more information. until the races were indistinguishably mixed, and claimed that this was the goal of the United States Republican Party The Republican Party (often GOP for Grand Old Party) is the majority party of the two major political parties in the United States. The President of the United States, George W. Bush, is a member of the party – and by rules common to both major U.S. parties, its head – and it has majorities in the Senate and the House, as well as in governorships and state legislative seats. Of the two major U.S. parties, the GOP is the conservative (or right-wing) party.
..... Click the link for more information. . The real authors were David Goodman Croly, managing editor of the New York World The New York World was a newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931. The newspaper was unsuccessful until it was purchased by Joseph Pulitzer in 1883. Nellie Bly, a journalist on the title became the first investigative journalist, often working undercover. As a publicity stunt for the paper inspired by Around the World in Eighty Days, she travelled around the planet in 72 days.
..... Click the link for more information. , a Democratic Party The Democratic Party is one of the two major United States political parties. The Party is currently (as of 2004) the minority in both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, as well as in governorships and state legislative seats. Of the two major U.S. parties, the Democratic Party is to the left of the Republican Party, though its politics are not as consistently leftist as the traditional social democratic and labor parties in much of the rest of the world.
..... Click the link for more information. paper, and George Wakeman, a World reporter. The pamphlet was soon exposed as an attempt to discredit the Republicans, the Abraham Lincoln |} Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th (1861–1865) President of the United States, and the first president from the Republican Party. The election of Lincoln, who staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery, polarized
..... Click the link for more information. administration, and the abolitionist movement - This article is about the abolition of slavery. For a page on the general concept of abolition, see abolition. For information regarding the abolition of suffering, see abolitionist society.
Abolitionism, a political movement that sought to abolish slavery and the slave trade, started with The Enlightenment and became a large movement in several nations of the 19th century. The movement continues to this day.
..... Click the link for more information. . Nonetheless, this pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in communities on both sides of the American Civil War The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as "the U.S.," "the Union," "the North," or "the Yankees"; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as "the Confederate States of America," "the CSA," "the Confederacy," "the South," "the Rebels," or "Dixie." Individual soldiers who fought for the North were referred to as "Billy Yank"; those who fought for the South were called "Johnny Reb."
..... Click the link for more information. by opponents of the Republicans.
The word miscegenation entered the language in the Southern USA The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. There is some overlap with The Southwest and the Mid-Atlantic States. As defined by the Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes 16 states, and is split into three smaller units, or divisions: The South Atlantic States, which are Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia (plus the District of Columbia); the East South Central States of Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee; and the West South Central States of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.
..... Click the link for more information. . For a century, it was common for white southern advocates of the social status-quo to accuse advocates of the elimination of slavery The word slavery is used to describe a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other, clear forms of coercion. It almost always occurs for the purpose of securing the labour of the person or people concerned. A specific form, chattel slavery, involved the legal ownership of a person or people, which is now illegal in all countries. When this article refers to people as "slaves" today, it is simply describing the conditions in which they are held, not the law.
..... Click the link for more information. , and later the advocates of civil rights Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. Examples include the right to vote and anti-discrimination laws. Civil rights movements usually want equal protection of the laws for minorities, as well as new laws outlawing discrimination and its vestiges. Civil rights effectively upholds the values of positive liberty. United States Main article: American Civil Rights Movement
..... Click the link for more information. for African Americans, of actually having the goal of miscegenation and the "destruction of the white race." One important strategy intended to discourage the practice was the promulgation of the one drop theory The one-drop theory (or one-drop rule) is the colloquial term for the standard, found throughout the USA, that holds that a person with even one drop of non-white ancestry should be classified as black. This standard has also been applied to people with Native American ancestry. One-drop theory is still influential in the USA - by de facto American color standards, a multiracial person with black heritage is considered black unless they declare themselves otherwise, identifying instead as white, mixed-race or Native American, for example (different color standards can be seen in countries such as Brazil). These standards are widely rejected in the Latino community in the USA, the majority of which is mixed race.
..... Click the link for more information. , which held that any person with so much as "one drop" of African "blood" must be regarded as "black." After World War II World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The German invasion of Poland on September 1 1939 is the most common date in the West for the start of World War II. Others cite the Japanese invasion of China on July 7, 1937, as the war's beginning, or even the 1931 Japanese incursion into Manchuria. The war ended in Europe with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, but continued in Asia and the Pacific until the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the subsequent Japanese surrender on September 2 1945.
..... Click the link for more information. , many white southerners accused the US civil rights movement The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. Some of the other struggles, often but not always working together, include the women's liberation movement, the gay liberation movement, the disabled rights movement, and many socioeconomic class-based movements. The civil rights movement has had a tremendous and lasting impact on United States society, both in its tactics and in increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights.
..... Click the link for more information. of Martin Luther King Martin Luther King was the name of father and son Baptist ministers and social activists: - Martin Luther King, Sr. was a Baptist minister.
- Martin Luther King, Jr. was a Baptist minister and Civil Rights activist.
..... Click the link for more information.
of being a Communist This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. For issues regarding the organization of the communist movement, see the Communist party article. For issues regarding one-party states ruled by Communist Parties (and everything associated with them), see Communist state.
Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a certain social system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system.
..... Click the link for more information. plot funded by the U.S.S.R. in order to destroy the United States through miscegenation.
In most of the southern states, various laws were passed making it illegal for members of different races to marry; these were known as anti-miscegenation laws, like the South African Immorality Act. Interracial marriage was prohibited by state laws, the constitutonality of which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Pace v. Alabama" (1883). That decision was not overturned until the United States Supreme Court ruled in "Loving v. Virginia" (1967). At that time, 16 states still had laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
Typically a felony, anti-miscegenation laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of adultery or fornication would be leveled against them instead.
While anti-miscegenation laws were ruled unconstitutional in the United States by the Supreme Court in 1967, those laws were not completely repealed in individual states until November 2000 when Alabama became the last state to repeal its law. According to Salon.com: "In November 2000, after a statewide vote in a special election, Alabama became the last state to overturn a law that was an ugly reminder of America's past, a ban on interracial marriage. The one-time home of George Wallace and Martin Luther King Jr. had held onto the provision for 33 years after the Supreme Court declared anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional. Yet as the election revealed -- 40 percent of Alabamans voted to keep the ban -- many people still see the necessity for a law that prohibits blacks and whites from mixing blood."
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